# Distributed Control of Inverter-Based Lossy Microgrids for Power Sharing and Frequency Regulation Under Voltage Constraints

**Authors:** Chin-Yao Chang, Wei Zhang  
**arXiv:** [1501.05890](https://arxiv.org/abs/1501.05890)  
**Date:** 2015-01-23  
**Summary page:** https://www.summarizepaper.com/en/paper/1501.05890v4/

## Key points

- The paper presents a new distributed control framework to coordinate inverter-interfaced distributed energy resources (DERs) in island microgrids.
- The proposed control method can steer the microgrid to a desired steady state with synchronized inverter frequency across the network and proportional sharing of both active and reactive powers among the inverters, even under bounded load uncertainties.
- Convergence can be achieved while respecting constraints on voltage magnitude and branch angle differences.
- The controller is robust under various contingency scenarios, including loss of communication links and failures of DERs.
- Simulations based on various microgrid operation scenarios are provided to show the effectiveness of the proposed control method.
- The new control framework is particularly relevant given the increasing penetration of DERs into power systems, which include renewable energy sources such as solar photovoltaics (PV) and wind turbines that are often interfaced using inverters.
- As more DERs are added to a power system, there is an increased need for coordination between them to ensure stable operation.
- The proposed control method addresses this need by providing a distributed approach that allows each DER to make decisions based on local information while still achieving global objectives.
- This paper provides an important contribution towards enabling the integration of DERs into power systems by presenting a robust and effective distributed control framework for coordinating inverter-interfaced DERs in island microgrids.

## Summary

The paper "Distributed Control of Inverter-Based Lossy Microgrids for Power Sharing and Frequency Regulation Under Voltage Constraints" presents a new distributed control framework to coordinate inverter-interfaced distributed energy resources (DERs) in island microgrids. The proposed control method can steer the microgrid to a desired steady state with synchronized inverter frequency across the network and proportional sharing of both active and reactive powers among the inverters, even under bounded load uncertainties. Additionally, such convergence can be achieved while respecting constraints on voltage magnitude and branch angle differences. The controller is robust under various contingency scenarios, including loss of communication links and failures of DERs. This makes it applicable to lossy mesh microgrids with heterogeneous R/X distribution lines and reasonable parameter variations. Simulations based on various microgrid operation scenarios are also provided to show the effectiveness of the proposed control method. The authors highlight that this new control framework is particularly relevant given the increasing penetration of DERs into power systems. These DERs include renewable energy sources such as solar photovoltaics (PV) and wind turbines, which are often interfaced using inverters. As more DERs are added to a power system, there is an increased need for coordination between them to ensure stable operation. The proposed control method addresses this need by providing a distributed approach that allows each DER to make decisions based on local information while still achieving global objectives. Overall, this paper provides an important contribution towards enabling the integration of DERs into power systems by presenting a robust and effective distributed control framework for coordinating inverter-interfaced DERs in island microgrids. It offers an efficient solution for managing power sharing among multiple distributed energy resources while ensuring stability under varying operating conditions and contingencies.