# Cryogenic Control and Readout Integrated Circuits for Solid-State Quantum Computing

**Authors:** Lingxiao Lei, Heng Huang, Pingxing Chen, Mingtang Deng  
**arXiv:** [2410.15895](https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.15895)  
**Date:** 2024-10-21  
**Summary page:** https://www.summarizepaper.com/en/arxiv-id/2410.15895v1/

## Key points

- Solid-state quantum systems, particularly superconducting ones, have shown significant progress in the last two decades in the pursuit of quantum computing.
- Cryogenic integrated circuits (ICs), such as CMOS radio-frequency ICs and rapid-single-flux-quantum-logic ICs, are emerging as potential alternatives to room-temperature electronics for achieving fault-tolerant quantum computing.
- Operating at cryogenic temperatures can reduce electronic noise and improve qubit control fidelity.
- The paper provides a comprehensive review of recent research on cryogenic control and readout ICs focusing on CMOS technology and rapid single flux quantum circuits.
- Challenges ahead include optimizing power consumption, enhancing reliability aspects, and resolving multiplexing issues in RSFQ technology for realizing quantum error correction.

## Summary

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In the pursuit of <kw1>quantum computing,</kw1> solid-state quantum systems, particularly superconducting ones, have shown significant progress in the last two decades. However, achieving fault-tolerant quantum computing for next-generation applications requires integrating several million qubits, posing challenges in interconnection complexity and latency that current room-temperature control and readout electronics cannot solve. Cryogenic integrated circuits (ICs), such as CMOS radio-frequency ICs and rapid-single-flux-quantum-logic ICs, have emerged as potential alternatives to room-temperature electronics. These ICs are deployed within cryostats to enhance scalability by reducing transmission line numbers and lengths. Operating at cryogenic temperatures can reduce electronic noise and improve qubit control fidelity. Specifically focusing on <kw2>CMOS technology,</kw2> this paper provides a comprehensive review of recent research on cryogenic control and readout ICs. It discusses principles underlying control and readout techniques used in cryogenic CMOS ICs along with their architectural designs. The paper also covers characterization and modeling approaches for field effect transistors under cryogenic conditions and fundamental concepts related to <kw3>rapid single flux quantum circuits.</kw3>

Looking ahead, the realization of quantum error correction (QEC) remains a significant challenge for most prototype ICs based on RSFQ technology. Three key challenges that require attention include optimizing power consumption, enhancing reliability aspects, and resolving multiplexing issues in these technologies. Overall, further advancements in Cryo-CMOS ICs and RSFQ technology are crucial for advancing solid-state quantum computing towards practical applications.