A novel 3D technique to study the kinematics of lensed galaxies
Authors: Francesca Rizzo, Simona Vegetti, Filippo Fraternali, Enrico Di Teodoro
Abstract
We present a 3D Bayesian method to model the kinematics of strongly lensed galaxies from spatially-resolved emission-line observations. This technique enables us to simultaneously recover the lens-mass distribution and the source kinematics directly from the 3D data cube. We have tested this new method with simulated OSIRIS observations for nine star-forming lensed galaxies with different kinematic properties. The simulated rotation curves span a range of shapes which are prototypes of different morphological galaxy types, from dwarf to massive spiral galaxies. We have found that the median relative accuracy on the inferred lens and kinematic parameters are at the level of 1 and 2 per cent, respectively. We have also tested the robustness of the technique against different inclination angles, signal-to-noise ratios, the presence of warps or non-circular motions and we have found that the accuracy stays within a few per cent in most cases. This technique represents a significant step forward with respect to the methods used until now, as the lens parameters and the kinematics of the source are derived from the same 3D data. This enables us to study the possible degeneracies between the two and estimate the uncertainties on all model parameters consistently.
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Closest papers
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A New Method for the Reconstruction of Strongly Lensed Galaxies with Resolved KinematicsA. Young, C. Keeton, A. Baker · 2022 · Astrophysical Journal · cited 3 times · Not summarized yet
Abstract
Integral field spectroscopy of high-redshift galaxies has become a powerful tool for understanding their dynamics and evolutionary states. However, in the case of gravitationally lensed systems, it has proved difficult to model both lensing and intrinsic kinematics in a way that takes full advantage of the information available in the spectral domain. In this paper, we introduce a new method for pixel-based source reconstruction that alters standard regularization schemes for two-dimensional (2D) data in a way that leverages kinematic information in a physically motivated but flexible fashion, and that is better suited to the three-dimensional (3D) nature of integral field data. To evaluate …
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A novel approach to visibility-space modelling of interferometric gravitational lens observations at high angular resolutionDevon M. Powell, S. Vegetti, J. McKean et al. · 2020 · arXiv: Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · preprint, not peer reviewed · cited 20 times · Not summarized yet
Abstract
We present a new gravitational lens modelling technique designed to model high-resolution interferometric observations with large numbers of visibilities without the need to pre-average the data in time or frequency. We demonstrate the accuracy of the method using validation tests on mock observations. Using small data sets with $\sim 10^3$ visibilities, we first compare our approach with the more traditional direct Fourier transform (DFT) implementation and direct linear solver. Our tests indicate that our source inversion is indistinguishable from that of the DFT. Our method also infers lens parameters to within 1 to 2 per cent of both the ground truth and DFT, given sufficiently high sign…
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Bayesian Strong Gravitational-Lens Modeling on Adaptive Grids: Objective Detection of Mass Substructure in GalaxiesS. Vegetti, L. V. E. Koopmans · 2008 · astro-ph · cited 237 times · AI summary available
Abstract
We introduce a new adaptive and fully Bayesian grid-based method to model strong gravitational lenses with extended images. The primary goal of this method is to quantify the level of luminous and dark-mass substructure in massive galaxies, through their effect on highly-magnified arcs and Einstein rings. The method is adaptive on the source plane, where a Delaunay tessellation is defined according to the lens mapping of a regular grid onto the source plane. The Bayesian penalty function allows us to recover the best non-linear potential-model parameters and/or a grid-based potential correction and to objectively quantify the level of regularization for both the source and the potential. In …
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Systematic errors in strong gravitational lensing reconstructions, a numerical simulation perspectiveWolfgang Enzi, S. Vegetti, G. Despali et al. · 2019 · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · cited 9 times · Not summarized yet
Abstract
We present the analysis of a sample of 24 SLACS-like galaxy-galaxy strong gravitational lens systems with a background source and deflectors from the Illustris-1 simulation. We study the degeneracy between the complex mass distribution of the lenses, substructures, the surface brightness distribution of the sources, and the time delays. Using a novel inference framework based on Approximate Bayesian Computation, we find that for all the considered lens systems, an elliptical and cored power-law mass density distribution provides a good fit to the data. However, the presence of cores in the simulated lenses affects most reconstructions in the form of a Source Position Transformation. The latt…
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3D BAROLO: a new 3D algorithm to derive rotation curves of galaxiesE. D. di Teodoro, F. Fraternali · 2015 · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · cited 271 times · Not summarized yet
Abstract
We present ^{3{D}}BAROLO,† a new code that derives rotation curves of galaxies from emission-line observations. This software fits 3D tilted-ring models to spectroscopic data cubes and can be used with a variety of observations: from H I and molecular lines to optical/IR recombination lines. We describe the structure of the main algorithm and show that it performs much better than the standard 2D approach on velocity fields. A number of successful applications, from high to very low spatial resolution data are presented and discussed. ^{3D}BAROLO can recover the true rotation curve and estimate the intrinsic velocity dispersion even in barely resolved galaxies (˜2 resolution elements) provid…
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Resolved spectroscopy of gravitationally lensed galaxies: recovering coherent velocity fields in subluminous z ~ 2-3 galaxiesT. Jones, A. M. Swinbank, R. Ellis et al. · 2009 · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · cited 190 times · Not summarized yet
Abstract
We present spatially resolved dynamics for six strongly lensed star-forming galaxies at z= 1.7–3.1 , each enlarged by a linear magnification factor of ~ ×8 . Using the Keck laser guide star AO system and the OH-Suppressing Infra-Red Imaging Spectrograph integral field unit spectrograph, we resolve kinematic and morphological detail in our sample with an unprecedented fidelity, in some cases achieving spatial resolutions of ≃100 pc. With one exception our sources have diameters ranging from 1 to 7 kpc, integrated star formation rates of 2–40 M_⊙ yr^(−1) (uncorrected for extinction) and dynamical masses of 10^(9.7−10.3) M_⊙ . With this exquisite resolution, we find that four of the six galaxie…
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Gravitational Lensing and Dynamics (GLaD): combined analysis to unveil properties of high-redshift galaxiesG. Chirivì, A. Yıldırım, S. Suyu et al. · 2020 · Astronomy & Astrophysics · cited 8 times · Not summarized yet
Abstract
The dynamical modelling of integral field unit (IFU) stellar kinematics is a powerful tool to unveil the dynamical structure and mass build-up of galaxies in the local Universe, while gravitational lensing is nature’s cosmic telescope to explore the properties of galaxies beyond the local Universe. We present a new approach, which unifies dynamical modelling of galaxies with the magnification power of strong gravitational lensing, to reconstruct the structural and dynamical properties of high-redshift galaxies. By means of axisymmetric Jeans modelling, we create a dynamical model of the source galaxy, assuming a surface brightness and surface mass density profile. We then predict how the sou…
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Making the leap I: Modelling the reconstructed lensing convergence PDF from cosmic shear with survey masks and systematicsAlexandre Barthelemy, Anik Halder, Zhengyangguang Gong et al. · 2023 · Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · cited 7 times · AI summary available
Abstract
The last few years have seen the development of a promising theoretical framework for statistics of the cosmic large-scale structure -- the theory of large deviations (LDT) for modelling weak-lensing one-point statistics in the mildly non-linear regime. The goal of this series of papers is to make the leap and lay out the steps to perform an actual data analysis with this theoretical tool. Building upon the LDT framework, in this work (Paper I) we demonstrate how to accurately model the Probability Distribution Function (PDF) of a reconstructed Kaiser-Squires convergence field under a realistic mask, that of the third data release of the Dark Energy Survey (DES). We also present how weak len…
Prior work it builds on
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Resolved spectroscopy of gravitationally lensed galaxies: global dynamics and star-forming clumps on ∼100 pc scales at 1 < z < 4R. Livermore, T. Jones, J. Richard et al. · 2015 · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · cited 121 times · Not summarized yet
Abstract
We present adaptive optics-assisted integral field spectroscopy around the Halpha or Hbeta lines of 12 gravitationally lensed galaxies obtained with VLT/SINFONI, Keck/OSIRIS and Gemini/NIFS. We combine these data with previous observations and investigate the dynamics and star formation properties of 17 lensed galaxies at 1 < z < 4. Thanks to gravitational magnification of 1.4-90 times by foreground clusters, effective spatial resolutions of 40-700 pc are achieved. The magnification also allows us to probe lower star formation rates (SFRs) and stellar masses than unlensed samples; our target galaxies feature dust-corrected SFRs derived from Halpha or Hbeta emission of ˜0.8-40 Ms yr-1, and st…
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First Results from the KMOS Lens-Amplified Spectroscopic Survey (KLASS): Kinematics of Lensed Galaxies at Cosmic NoonC. Mason, T. Treu, A. Fontana et al. · 2016 · The Astrophysical Journal · cited 37 times · Not summarized yet
Abstract
We present the first results of the K-band Multi-Object Spectrometer (KMOS) Lens-Amplified Spectroscopic Survey, a new ESO Very Large Telescope large program, doing multi-object integral field spectroscopy of galaxies gravitationally lensed behind seven galaxy clusters selected from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Grism Lens-Amplified Survey from Space. Using the power of the cluster magnification, we are able to reveal the kinematic structure of 25 galaxies at , in four cluster fields, with stellar masses . This sample includes five sources at with lower stellar masses than in any previous kinematic integral field unit (IFU) surveys. Our sample displays a diversity in kinematic structure o…
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SPARC: MASS MODELS FOR 175 DISK GALAXIES WITH SPITZER PHOTOMETRY AND ACCURATE ROTATION CURVESF. Lelli, S. McGaugh, J. Schombert · 2016 · The Astronomical Journal · cited 624 times · Not summarized yet
Abstract
We introduce SPARC (Spitzer Photometry and Accurate Rotation Curves): a sample of 175 nearby galaxies with new surface photometry at 3.6 μm and high-quality rotation curves from previous H i/Hα studies. SPARC spans a broad range of morphologies (S0 to Irr), luminosities (∼5 dex), and surface brightnesses (∼4 dex). We derive [3.6] surface photometry and study structural relations of stellar and gas disks. We find that both the stellar mass–H i mass relation and the stellar radius–H i radius relation have significant intrinsic scatter, while the H i mass–radius relation is extremely tight. We build detailed mass models and quantify the ratio of baryonic to observed velocity (Vbar/Vobs) for dif…
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Resolved Spectroscopy of a Gravitationally Lensed L^{*} Lyman Break Galaxy at z˜5: Evidence for a Starburst-Driven, Galactic-Scale Bi-Polar OutflowA. M. Swinbank, Richard G. Bower, G. Smith et al. · 2007 · cited 66 times · Not summarized yet
Abstract
We exploit the gravitational potential of a massive, rich cluster at z= 0.77 to study the internal properties of a gravitationally lensed galaxy at z= 4.88 . Using high-resolution Hubble Space Telescope imaging together with optical (VIMOS) and near-infrared (SINFONI) integral field spectroscopy, we have studied the rest-frame ultraviolet and optical properties of the lensed galaxy seen through the cluster RCS0224−002. Using a detailed gravitational lens model of the cluster, we reconstruct the source-frame morphology on 200 pc scales and find an ~L* Lyman-break galaxy with an intrinsic size of only 2.0 × 0.8 kpc , a velocity gradient of ≲60 km s^(−1) and an implied dynamical mass of 1.0 × 1…
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Gravitational Imaging of CDM SubstructureL. Koopmans · 2005 · arXiv: Astrophysics · preprint, not peer reviewed · cited 162 times · Not summarized yet
Abstract
We propose the novel method of ``gravitational imaging'' to detect and quantify luminous and dark-matter substructure in gravitational-lens galaxies. The method utilizes highly-magnified Einstein rings and arcs as sensitive probes of small perturbations in the lens potential (due to the presence of mass substructure), reconstructing the gravitational lens potential non-parametrically. Numerical simulations show that the implemented algorithm can reconstruct the smooth mass distribution of a typical lens galaxy - exhibiting reasonable signal-to-noise Einstein rings - as well as compact substructure with masses as low as M_sub~10^-3 M_lens, if present. ``Gravitational imaging'' of pure dark-ma…
Papers that cite it
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HOLISMOKESS. Schuldt, S. Suyu, Tim Meinhardt et al. · 2020 · Astronomy & Astrophysics · cited 17 times · Not summarized yet
Abstract
Modeling the mass distributions of strong gravitational lenses is often necessary in order to use them as astrophysical and cosmological probes. With the large number of lens systems (≳105) expected from upcoming surveys, it is timely to explore efficient modeling approaches beyond traditional Markov chain Monte Carlo techniques that are time consuming. We train a convolutional neural network (CNN) on images of galaxy-scale lens systems to predict the five parameters of the singular isothermal ellipsoid (SIE) mass model (lens center x and y, complex ellipticity ex and ey, and Einstein radius θE). To train the network we simulate images based on real observations from the Hyper Suprime-Cam Su…
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Strong Gravitational Lensing as a Probe of Dark MatterS. Vegetti, S. Birrer, G. Despali et al. · 2023 · Space Science Reviews · cited 80 times · Not summarized yet
Abstract
Dark matter structures within strong gravitational lens galaxies and along their lines of sight leave a gravitational imprint on the multiple images of lensed sources. Strong gravitational lensing provides, therefore, a key test of different dark matter models. In this article, we describe how galaxy-scale strong gravitational lensing observations are sensitive to the physical nature of dark matter. We provide an historical perspective of the field, and review its current status. We discuss the challenges and advances in terms of data, treatment of systematic errors and theoretical predictions, that will enable one to deliver a stringent and robust test of different dark matter models in the…
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Precision Weak Gravitational Lensing Using Velocity Fields: Fisher Matrix AnalysisD. Wittman, M. Self · 2019 · Astrophysical Journal · cited 3 times · Not summarized yet
Abstract
Weak gravitational lensing measurements based on photometry are limited by shape noise: the variance in the unknown unlensed orientations of the source galaxies. If the source is a disk galaxy with a well-ordered velocity field, however, velocity field data can support simultaneous inference of the shear, inclination, and position angle, virtually eliminating shape noise. We use the Fisher information matrix formalism to forecast the precision of this method in the idealized case of a perfectly ordered velocity field defined on an infinitesimally thin disk. For nearly face-on targets, one shear component, γ ×, can be constrained to , where I 0 is the signal-to-noise ratio of the central inte…
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Connecting X-ray nuclear winds with galaxy-scale ionised outflows in two z ∼ 1.5 lensed quasarsG. Tozzi, G. Cresci, A. Marasco et al. · 2021 · Astronomy & Astrophysics · cited 8 times · Not summarized yet
Abstract
Aims. Outflows driven by active galactic nuclei (AGN) are expected to have a significant impact on host galaxy evolution, but the matter of how they are accelerated and propagated on galaxy-wide scales is still under debate. This work addresses these questions by studying the link between X-ray, nuclear ultra-fast outflows (UFOs), and extended ionised outflows, for the first time, in two quasars close to the peak of AGN activity (z ∼ 2), where AGN feedback is expected to be more effective. Methods. Our selected targets, HS 0810+2554 and SDSS J1353+1138, are two multiple-lensed quasars at z ∼ 1.5 with UFO detection that have been observed with the near-IR integral field spectrometer SINFONI a…
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A projected Nesterov-Kaczmarz approach to stellar population-kinematic distribution reconstruction in Extragalactic ArchaeologyFabian Hinterer, Simon Hubmer, P. Jethwa et al. · 2022 · SIAM Journal of Imaging Sciences · cited 1 time · Not summarized yet
Abstract
In this paper, we consider the problem of reconstructing a galaxy's stellar population-kinematic distribution function from optical integral field unit measurements. These quantities are connected via a high-dimensional integral equation. To solve this problem, we propose a projected Nesterov-Kaczmarz reconstruction (PNKR) method, which efficiently leverages the problem structure and incorporates physical prior information such as smoothness and non-negativity constraints. To test the performance of our reconstruction approach, we apply it to a dataset simulated from a known ground truth density, and validate it by comparing our recoveries to those obtained by the widely used pPXF software.
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