SQL-PaLM: Improved Large Language ModelAdaptation for Text-to-SQL

Authors: Ruoxi Sun, Sercan O Arik, Hootan Nakhost, Hanjun Dai, Rajarishi Sinha, Pengcheng Yin, Tomas Pfister

16 pages
License: CC BY-NC-ND 4.0

Results of the summarizing process for the arXiv paper: 2306.00739v1

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The emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs) has enabled impressive capabilities, including the generation of Structured Query Language (SQL) code for databases. For the task of converting natural language text to SQL queries (Text-to-SQL), adaptation of LLMs is crucial in both in-context learning and fine-tuning settings depending on the amount of adaptation data used. In this paper titled "SQL-PaLM: Improved Large Language Model Adaptation for Text-to-SQL," a new LLM based Text-to-SQL model called SQL-PaLM is proposed, leveraging on PaLM2 to push the state of the art in both settings. The few shot SQL PaLM model is based on an execution based self consistency prompting approach designed for Text to SQL and achieves 77.3% test suite accuracy on Spider dataset which outperforms previous state of the art with fine tuning by a significant margin of 4%. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that fine tuned SQL PALM outperforms it further by another 1%. To apply SQL PaLM to real world scenarios its robustness is evaluated on other challenging variants of Spider dataset and demonstrates superior generalization capability. Additionally, extensive case studies demonstrate impressive intelligent capabilities and various success enablers of LLM based Text to SQL. The authors behind this research are Ruoxi Sun, Sercan O Arik, Hootan Nakhost, Hanjun Dai, Rajarishi Sinha, Pengcheng Yin and Tomas Pfister.
AI-generated keywords: Large Language Models Text-to-SQL SQL-PaLM Spider dataset Self-consistency prompting

AI-generated Key Points

  • Large Language Models (LLMs) have enabled impressive capabilities, including the generation of Structured Query Language (SQL) code for databases.
  • Adaptation of LLMs is crucial in both in-context learning and fine-tuning settings for converting natural language text to SQL queries (Text-to-SQL).
  • A new LLM based Text-to-SQL model called SQL-PaLM is proposed, leveraging on PaLM2 to push the state of the art in both settings.
  • The few shot SQL PaLM model achieves 77.3% test suite accuracy on Spider dataset which outperforms previous state of the art with fine tuning by a significant margin of 4%.
  • Fine tuned SQL PALM outperforms it further by another 1%.
  • SQL PaLM demonstrates superior generalization capability when evaluated on other challenging variants of Spider dataset.
  • Extensive case studies demonstrate impressive intelligent capabilities and various success enablers of LLM based Text to SQL.
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Abstract: One impressive emergent capability of large language models (LLMs) is generation of code, including Structured Query Language (SQL) for databases. For the task of converting natural language text to SQL queries, Text-to-SQL, adaptation of LLMs is of paramount importance, both in in-context learning and fine-tuning settings, depending on the amount of adaptation data used. In this paper, we propose an LLM-based Text-to-SQL model SQL-PaLM, leveraging on PaLM-2, that pushes the state-of-the-art in both settings. Few-shot SQL-PaLM is based on an execution-based self-consistency prompting approach designed for Text-to-SQL, and achieves 77.3% in test-suite accuracy on Spider, which to our best knowledge is the first to outperform previous state-of-the-art with fine-tuning by a significant margin, 4%. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the fine-tuned SQL-PALM outperforms it further by another 1%. Towards applying SQL-PaLM to real-world scenarios we further evaluate its robustness on other challenging variants of Spider and demonstrate the superior generalization capability of SQL-PaLM. In addition, via extensive case studies, we demonstrate the impressive intelligent capabilities and various success enablers of LLM-based Text-to-SQL.

Submitted to arXiv on 26 May. 2023

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