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Abstract: Many industrial applications require a level of determinism, and Ethernet is often criticized for its lack of determinism. Switches make deterministic performance possible by eliminating collisions. IEEE 802.1p allows prioritization of messages at layer 2 with a 16-bit additional header. Bridging routers, or brouters, change from being routers to being bridges when they receive a packet they don't understand. They just go ahead and send the message. Gateways convert messages from one protocol to another. Many switches now support priority, with two or more output queues per port, where the higher priority queue(s) are designated for time-critical data with quality of service. The worst-case delay for high-priority packets holds, regardless of low priority traffic. Several priority implementations exist with respect to how a packet is identified as a high-priority packet. The priority handling depends on the switch functionality.