Search Results for « Grid-forming »

AC grid-forming (GFM) resources rely on power synchronization, i.e., transient transfer of real power in response to changes in frequency, to reach frequency equilibrium with other GFM resources in the associated grid. While operating at the limit of hardware constraints, such as converter current or power limits, and DC source constraints such as real power limit, inverter based resources (IBRs) are forced to suspend power-synchronization as no transient power exchange is feasible beyond the capacity limit. Despite the large class of research efforts for augmenting synchronization stability under currentlimiting operation, an overall ride-through strategy is missing under a comprehensive set of hardware and source constraints. In this work, we contemplate a broader fundamental question: What constitutes GFM response when an IBR reaches one or more such capacity limits? We propose a general framework for defining and optimizing GFM response under capacity constraints. The proposed control framework leverages constrained optimization to minimize the deviation in IBR response from that of an ideal GFM source. The resulting estimated deviation is utilized to dynamically adapt a droop model which enables continued power-synchronization while operating at capacity limit. An exemplary architecture of the proposed framework is presented with experimental validation utilizing a laboratory inverter prototype.